GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS:A –Z//IMPORTANT TERMS_ PART -08
A / B / C/ D / E / F/ G/ H / I / J / K / L / M / N / O/ P / Q / R / S / T/ U / V /W/ Y/ Z
GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS A-Z //IMPORTANT TERMS FOR GEOGRAPHY
I.
Jurisdiction
·
The right and power to apply the law in a particular
place or within a defined field of responsibility.
·
The geographical area to which such authority
applies.
II.
Jhum
cultivation:-Clear-cutting and/or setting fire to an area of land
so it can be used for farm cultivation.
III.
Jungle:-An area covered
with dense vegetation dominated by large trees, often tropical.
IV.
Joint:-A vertical or
semi-vertical fissure in a sedimentary rock, contrasted with roughly horizontal
bedding planes. In igneous rocks jointing may occur as a result of contraction
on cooling from the molten state. Joints should be distinguished from faults in
that they are on a much smaller scale and there is no relative displacement of
the rocks on either side of the joint. Joints, being lines of weakness are exploited
by weathering.
K
a)
Kame
:-A
short ridge of sand and gravel deposited from the water of a melted glacier.
b)
Karst
topography:-An area of limestone scenery where drainage is
predominantly subterranean.
c)
Kettle
hole:-A
small depression or hollow in a glacial outwash plain, formed when a block of
ice embedded in the outwash deposits eventually melts, causing the sediment
above to subside.
d)
knickpoint:-
·
A point of abrupt inflection in the longitudinal
profile of a river or its channel or valley,such as occurs at a waterfall.
·
Any interruption or break in the character of a
slope.
e)
knob:-A peak or
projection from the top of a hill or mountain, or any rounded protrusion of
land,especially a small but prominent or isolated hill with steep sides; a
boulder or an area ofresistant rock protruding from the side of a hill or
mountain. The term is used primarily inthe southern United States.
f)
kolk
1.
A violently rotating underwater vortex capable of
plucking and scouring depressions in bedrock, which may leave behind distinct
pits or lakes known as rock-cut basins or potholes.
2.
Another name for a bog pond.
2.
L
1)
Laccoliths
:-An
igneous intrusion, domed and often of considerable dimensions, caused where a
body of viscous magma has been intruded into the strata of the Earth’s crust.
These strata are buckled upwards over the laccolith.
2)
Lagoon
:-
1.
An area of sheltered coastal water behind a bay bar
or tombolo.
2.
The calm water behind a coral reef.
3)
Lahars
:-A
landslide of volcanic debris mixed with water down the sides of a volcano,
caused either by heavy rain or the heat of the volcano melting snow and ice.
4)
Lake:- A body of water
completely surrounded by land.land tenure A system of land ownership or
allocation.
5)
Land
uses :-The function of an area of land. For example, the
land use in rural areas could be farming or forestry, whereas urban land use
could be housing or industry.
6)
Landform:-Any natural
feature of the Earth’s surface, such as mountains or valleys .natural feature
of the solid surface of the Earth. A combined set of landforms makes up the
terrain of a given area, and their arrangement in a landscape is known as
topography.
7)
Landmark:- Any natural or
artificial feature that is recognizable enough to be used for navigation; a
feature that stands out enough from its environment to be visible across long
distances.
8)
Landmass:-Any large
contiguous area of land typically surrounded by an ocean or sea.
9)
Laterite:-A hard
(literally ‘brick-like’) soil in tropical regions caused by the baking of the
upper horizons by exposure to the sun.
10)
Latitude:- Distance north
or south of the equator, as measured by degrees of the angle at the Earth’s
centre.
11)
Laurasia:-The northern
hemisphere supercontinent, consisting of
the present North America, Europe and Asia (excluding India), which split from
Pangaea c. 200 million years ago. Laurasia is part of the theory of continental
drift. See
12)
Lava:- Magma extruded
onto the Earth’s surface via some form of volcanic eruption. Lava varies in
viscosity (see viscous lava), colour and chemical composition. Acidic lavas
tend to be viscous and flow slowly; basic lavas tend to be non-viscous and flow
quickly. Commonly, lava fl ows comprise basaltic material, as for example in
the process of sea-fl oor spreading (see plate tectonics).
13)
Lava
flow :-A stream of lava issuing from some form of volcanic
eruption.
14)
Lava
plateau :-A relatively fl at upland composed of layer upon
layer of approximately horizontally bedded lavas. An example of this is the
Deccan Plateau of India.
15)
Leaching
:-The
process by which soluble substances such as mineral salts are washed out of the
upper soil layer into the lower layer by rain water.
16)
Levee:-The bank of a river,
raised above the general level of the flood plain by sediment deposition during
flooding. When the river bursts its banks, relatively coarse sediment is
deposited first, and recurrent flooding builds up the river’s banks
17)
Lignite
:-A
soft form of coal, harder than peat but softer than bituminous coal.
18)
Limestone:-Calcium-rich
sedimentary rock formed by the accumulation of the skeletal matter of marine
organisms.
19)
Limestone
pavement:- An exposed limestone surface on which the joints
have been enlarged by the action of rainwater dissolving the limestone to form
weak carbonic acid. These enlarged joints, or grykes, separate roughly
rectangular blocks of limestone called clints.
20)
Location:-The position of
population, settlement and economic activity in an area or areas. Location is a
basic theme in human geography.
21)
Loess:-A very fine silt
deposit, often of considerable thickness, transported by the wind prior to
deposition. When irrigated, loess can be very fertile and, consequently, high
yields can be obtained from crops grown on loess deposits.
22)
Longitude:-A measure of
distance on the Earth’s surface east or west of the Greenwich Meridian, an
imaginary
23)
Line:-running from
pole to pole through Greenwich in London. Longitude, like latitude, is measured
in degrees of an angle taken from the centre of the Earth.The precise location
of a place can be given by a grid reference comprising longitude and latitude.
24)
Long
shore drift:-The net movement of material along a beach due to
the oblique approach of waves to the shore. Beach deposits move in a zig-zag
fashion, as shown in the diagram. Longshore drift is especially active on long,
straight coastlines.As waves approach, sand is carried up the beach by the
swash, and retreats back down the beach with the backwash.
AYANTANI SINGH Msc, B.Ed
GEOGRAPHIA
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